her, in order to make her male, so that she too may become a living spirit, resembling you males. For every woman who will make herself male will enter the Kingdom of Heaven.” (114) Thus, in the Gnostic approach, women are subservient to men. The point to be made from all of this is that the Gnostic thought undergirding the Gospel of Philip and the Gospel of Mary dates no earlier than the second to third centuries AD, precisely the false teaching opposed by the church father Irenaeus (ca. 130–200),